Did you know that you
can get a mortgage
regardless of your credit history?
Building a Better Credit Report
If you've ever
applied for a credit card, a personal loan, or insurance, there's a file about
you. This file is known as your credit report. It is chock full of information
on where you live, how you pay your bills, and whether you've been sued, arrested,
or filed for bankruptcy. Consumer reporting companies sell the information in
your report to creditors, insurers, employers, and other businesses with a legitimate
need for it. They use the information to evaluate your applications for credit,
insurance, employment, or a lease.
Having
a good credit report means it will be easier for you to get loans and lower interest
rates. Lower interest rates usually translate into smaller monthly payments.
Nevertheless,
newspapers, radio, TV, and the Internet are filled with ads for companies and
services that promise to erase accurate negative information in your credit report
in exchange for a fee. The scam artists who run these ads not only don't deliver
they can't deliver. Only time, a deliberate effort, and a plan to repay
your bills will improve your credit as it's detailed in your credit report.
The
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the nation's consumer protection agency, has written
this booklet to help explain how to build a better credit report.
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The
Fair Credit Reporting Act
The
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) promotes the accuracy, fairness, and privacy
of information in the files of the nation's consumer reporting companies. The
FTC enforces the FCRA with respect to consumer reporting companies. Recent amendments
to the FCRA expand consumer rights and place additional requirements on consumer
reporting companies. Businesses that provide information about consumers to consumer
reporting companies and businesses that use credit reports also have new responsibilities
under the law.
Here are
some questions consumers have asked the FTC about consumer reports and consumer
reporting companies, and the answers.
Q.
Do I have a right to know what's in my report?
A. You have the right to know
what's in your report, but you have to ask for the information. The consumer reporting
company must tell you everything in your report, and give you a list of everyone
who has requested your report within the past year - or the past two years if
the requests were related to employment.
Q.
What type of information do consumer reporting companies collect and sell?
A. Consumer reporting companies collect and sell four basic types of information:
Identification and employment
information: Your name, birth date, Social Security number, employer, and spouse's
name are noted routinely. The consumer reporting company also may provide information
about your employment history, home ownership, income, and previous address, if
a creditor asks.
Payment
history: Your accounts with different creditors are listed, showing how much credit
has been extended and whether you've paid on time. Related events, such as the
referral of an overdue account to a collection agency, also may be noted.
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Inquiries:
Consumer reporting companies must maintain a record of all creditors who have
asked for your credit history within the past year, and a record of individuals
or businesses that have asked for your credit history for employment purposes
for the past two years.
Public
record information: Events that are a matter of public record, such as bankruptcies,
foreclosures, or tax liens, may appear in your report.
Q.
Is there a charge for my report?
A. Under the Free File Disclosure Rule of
the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACT Act), each of the nationwide
consumer reporting companies Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion is
required to provide you with a free copy of your credit report once every 12 months,
if you ask for it.
These
consumer reporting companies are phasing in free reports geographically through
September 1, 2005. After that, free reports will be accessible to all Americans,
regardless of where they live.
Free
reports have been available to consumers in the Western states Alaska,
Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, Washington, and Wyoming since December 1, 2004.
Consumers
in the Midwestern states Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin have
been able to order free reports since March 1, 2005.
Consumers
in the Southern states Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas can begin ordering
their free reports June 1, 2005.
Consumers
in the Eastern states Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and all U.S. territories can begin ordering their free reports September 1, 2005.
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Q:
How do I order my free report?
A: The three nationwide consumer reporting
companies are using one website, one toll-free telephone number, and one mailing
address for consumers to order their free annual report. To order, click on www.annualcreditreport.com,
call 1-877-322-8228, or complete the Annual Credit Report Request Form and mail
it to: Annual Credit Report Request Service, P.O. Box 105281, Atlanta, GA 30348-5281.
The form is at the back of this brochure; or you can print it from ftc.gov/credit.
Do not contact the three nationwide consumer reporting companies individually.
You may order your free annual reports from each of the consumer reporting companies
at the same time, or you can order from only one or two. The law allows you to
order one free copy from each of the nationwide consumer reporting companies every
12 months.
Q: What information
do I have to provide to get my free report?
A: You need to provide your name,
address, Social Security number, and date of birth. If you have moved in the last
two years, you may have to provide your previous address. To maintain the security
of your file, each nationwide consumer reporting company may ask you for some
information that only you would know, like the amount of your monthly mortgage
payment. Each company may ask you for different information because the information
each has in your file may come from different sources.
Still,
www.annualcreditreport.com is the only authorized online source for your free
annual credit report from the three nationwide consumer reporting companies. Neither
the website nor the companies will call you first to ask for personal information
or send you an email asking for personal information. If you get a phone call
or an email or see a pop-up ad claiming it's from www.annualcreditreport.com
(or any of the three nationwide consumer reporting companies), it's probably a
scam. Don't reply or click on any link in the message. Instead, forward any email
that claims to be from www.annualcreditreport.com (or any of the three consumer
reporting companies) to spam@uce.gov, the FTC's database of deceptive spam.
Q:
Are there other situations where I might be eligible for a free report?
A:
Under federal law, you're entitled to a free report if a company takes adverse
action against you, such as denying your application for credit, insurance, or
employment, and you ask for your report within 60 days of receiving notice of
the action. The notice will give you the name, address, and phone number of the
consumer reporting company. You're also entitled to one free report a year if
you're unemployed and plan to look for a job within 60 days; if you're on welfare;
or if your report is inaccurate because of fraud, including identity theft. Otherwise,
any of the three consumer reporting companies may charge you up to $9.50 for another
copy of your report within a 12-month period.
To
buy a copy of your report, contact:
Equifax
800-685-1111
www.equifax.com Experian
888-EXPERIAN (397-3742)
www.experian.com
Trans Union
800-916-8800
www.transunion.com
Under
state law, consumers in Colorado, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New
Jersey, and Vermont already have free access to their credit reports.
For
more information, see Your Access to Free Credit Reports at ftc.gov/credit.
Credit
Scores
Q. What is a credit
score, and how does it affect my ability to get credit?
A: Credit scoring
is a system creditors use to help determine whether to give you credit, and how
much to charge you for it.
Information
about you and your credit experiences, like your bill-paying history, the number
and type of accounts you have, late payments, collection actions, outstanding
debt, and the age of your accounts, is collected from your credit application
and your credit report. Using a statistical formula, creditors compare this information
to the credit performance of consumers with similar profiles. A credit scoring
system awards points for each factor. A total number of points a credit
score helps predict how creditworthy you are, that is, how likely it is
that you will repay a loan and make the payments on time. Generally, consumers
with good credit risks have higher credit scores.
You
can get your credit score from the three nationwide consumer reporting companies,
but you will have to pay a fee for it. Many other companies also offer credit
scores for sale alone or as part of a package of products.
For
more information, see Credit Scoring at ftc.gov/credit.
Improving
Your Credit Report
Under
the FCRA, both the consumer reporting company and the information provider (the
person, company, or organization that provides information about you to a consumer
reporting company) are responsible for correcting inaccurate or incomplete information
in your report. To take advantage of all your rights under the FCRA, contact the
consumer reporting company and the information provider if you see inaccurate
or incomplete information.
1.
Tell the consumer reporting company, in writing, what information you think is
inaccurate. Include copies (NOT originals) of documents that support your position.
In addition to providing your complete name and address, your letter should clearly
identify each item in your report that you dispute, state the facts and explain
why you dispute the information, and request that the information be deleted or
corrected. You may want to enclose a copy of your report with the items in question
circled. Your letter may look something like the one on page 8. Send your letter
by certified mail, return receipt requested, so you can document what the consumer
reporting company received. Keep copies of your dispute letter and enclosures.
Consumer
reporting companies must investigate the items in question usually within
30 days unless they consider your dispute frivolous. They also must forward
all the relevant data you provide about the inaccuracy to the organization that
provided the information. After the information provider receives notice of a
dispute from the consumer reporting company, it must investigate, review the relevant
information, and report the results back to the consumer reporting company. If
the information provider finds the disputed information is inaccurate, it must
notify all three nationwide consumer reporting companies so they can correct the
information in your file.
When
the investigation is complete, the consumer reporting company must give you the
written results and a free copy of your report if the dispute results in a change.
(This free report does not count as your annual free report under the FACT Act.)
If an item is changed or deleted, the consumer reporting company cannot put the
disputed information back in your file unless the information provider verifies
that the information is, indeed, accurate and complete. The consumer reporting
company also must send you written notice that includes the name, address, and
phone number of the information provider.
If
you request, the consumer reporting company must send notices of any correction
to anyone who received your report in the past six months. A corrected copy of
your report can be sent to anyone who received a copy during the past two years
for employment purposes.
If
an investigation doesn't resolve your dispute with the consumer reporting company,
you can ask that a statement of the dispute be included in your file and in future
reports. You also can ask the consumer reporting company to provide your statement
to anyone who received a copy of your report in the recent past. Expect to pay
a fee for this service.
2.
Tell the creditor or other information provider, in writing, that you dispute
an item. Be sure to include copies (NOT originals) of documents that support your
position. Many providers specify an address for disputes. If the provider reports
the item to a consumer reporting company, it must include a notice of your dispute.
And if you are correct - that is, if the information is found to be inaccurate
- the information provider may not report it again.
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